Malaria vaccine trials begin using 'chimpanzee virus'

1 February 2008

Trials are underway, funded by the Wellcome Trust, for a new vaccine to combat the most deadly form of malaria. For the first time ever, researchers will use a virus found in chimpanzees to boost the efficacy of the vaccine. The trials will take place at the University of Oxford's Jenner Institute, led by its Director, Professor Adrian Hill.

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is one of the world's deadliest killers, killing over a million people each year, mainly women and young children in Africa and South-east Asia. The most deadly species, P. falciparum, is responsible for 80 per cent of malaria infections and 90 per cent of deaths. As yet, there is no vaccine against malaria. This is because, for much of their life cycle, the parasites responsible for infection live inside cells, where they cannot be reached by antibodies.

"We urgently need a vaccine to help in the fight against this deadly killer," says Professor Hill, a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow. "Malaria parasites are able to outwit our immune system by hiding out in the body's cells, however. Finding a way to generate enough immune cells and antibodies to identify and destroy the parasites will be the key to preventing infection."

The vaccine, being developed and trialled by Professor Hill's team in collaboration with Okairòs, uses the company's genetically modified chimpanzee adenovirus to produce the malaria antigen and to stimulate a response to the vaccine in the body. Adenoviruses appear to be particularly potent for increasing the immune response to the malaria vaccine. However, because human adenoviruses, which cause diseases including the common cold and gastroenteritis, are widespread, most people have developed some immunity towards them. Using a chimpanzee adenovirus ensures that a recipient is unlikely to have resistance to this component of the vaccine.

"Chimpanzees have their own set of adenoviruses, which rarely infect humans, so we have not built up immunity to them," explains virologist Dr Sarah Gilbert at the Jenner Institute. "This is why we have chosen such a virus to form the backbone of the new vaccine."

Professor Hill's team is currently recruiting for more volunteers for the first trials, which are to assess the safety of the vaccine. Because the active component of the adenovirus is removed, however, there is no danger of transmission to the human of the original chimpanzee virus.

The trial will also be measuring the response of the immune system. The team hopes to generate a response from CD8+ T-cells (sometimes known as killer cells) that should kill the parasites when they enter the liver, where they multiply undetected. However, if the T-cells do not kill all of the parasites, any that escape from liver into the bloodstream will still be able to enter red blood cells and cause illness.

The group plans to test a second vaccine that would then target the parasites in the bloodstream and red blood cells.

"Our ultimate goal is a combination product that targets the parasite at both the liver stage and the blood stage," says Professor Hill. "Few people still think that you can get really strong protection from malaria based on a single component."

Over a dozen vaccines have now been made by scientists at the University of Oxford and taken into clinical trials, but this is the first vaccine to have also been manufactured within a UK university, according to Professor Hill.

Contact

Craig Brierley
Media Officer
Wellcome Trust
T 020 7611 7329
E c.brierley@wellcome.ac.uk

Notes for editors

1. The Wellcome Trust is the largest charity in the UK. It funds innovative biomedical research, in the UK and internationally, spending around £500 million each year to support the brightest scientists with the best ideas. The Wellcome Trust supports public debate about biomedical research and its impact on health and wellbeing.

2. Oxford University's Medical Sciences Division is one of the largest biomedical research centres in Europe. It represents almost one-third of Oxford University's income and expenditure, and two-thirds of its external research income. Oxford's world-renowned global health programme is a leader in the fight against infectious diseases (such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and avian flu) and other prevalent diseases (such as cancer, stroke, heart disease and diabetes). Key to its success is a long-standing network of dedicated Wellcome Trust-funded research units in Asia (Thailand, Laos and Vietnam) and Kenya, and work at the MRC Unit in The Gambia. Long-term studies of patients around the world are supported by basic science at Oxford and have led to many exciting developments, including potential vaccines for TB, malaria and HIV, which are in clinical trials.

3. The Jenner Institute was founded in November 2005 to develop innovative vaccines against major global diseases. Uniquely it focuses both on diseases of humans and livestock and tests new vaccine approaches in parallel in different species. A major theme is translational research involving the rapid early-stage development and assessment of new vaccines in clinical trials.

The Institute is a partnership between the University of Oxford and the Institute for Animal Health, and is the successor to the former Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research. The Institute is supported by the Jenner Vaccine Foundation, a UK registered charity.

The Institute comprises the research activities of over 20 Jenner Investigators, who head leading research groups spanning human and veterinary vaccine research and development. Together the Institute Investigators comprise one of the largest non-profit sector research and development activities in vaccinology.

4. Okairòs is a biopharmaceutical company, based in Basel, and with laboratories in Naples and Rome. It was founded in 2007, as a spin out from Merck Inc., and is dedicated to the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines against human chronic infectious diseases with unmet medical need.