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Curriculum Links for Big Picture on Exercise, Energy and Movement

Biology

AQA GCE Biology

3.1.4
Lung function
The gross structure of the human gas exchange system limited to the alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea and lungs.

The essential features of the alveolar epithelium as a surface over which gas exchange takes place.

The exchange of gases in the lungs.

Pulmonary ventilation as the product of tidal volume and ventilation rate.

The mechanism of breathing.

3.1.5
Heart structure and function
The gross structure of the human heart and its associated blood vessels in relation to function.

Pressure and volume changes and associated valve movements during the cardiaccycle.

Myogenic stimulation of the heart and transmission of a subsequent wave of electrical activity.

Roles of the sinoatrial node (SAN), atrioventricular node (AVN) and bundle of His.

Cardiac output as the product of heart rate and stroke volume.

Candidates should be able to

  • analyse and interpret data relating to pressure and volume changes during the cardiac cycle.

3.4.2
ATP
The synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate and its role as the immediate source of energy for biological processes.

3.4.4
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration in such detail as to show that

  • glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and involves the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate with a net gain of ATP and reduced NAD
  • pyruvate combines with coenzyme A in the link reaction to produce
  • acetylcoenzyme A
  • in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions the Krebs cycle generates reduced coenzymes and ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and carbon dioxide is lost
  • acetylcoenzyme A is effectively a two carbon molecule that combines with a four carbon molecule to produce a six carbon molecule which enters the Krebs cycle
  • synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation is associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain and passage of protons across mitochondrial membranes.

Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis followed by the production of ethanol or lactate and the regeneration of NAD in anaerobic respiration.

Control of heart rate
The role of chemoreceptors and pressure receptors, the autonomic nervous system and effectors in controlling heart rate.

3.5.1
The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Gross and microscopic structure of skeletal muscle. The ultrastructure of a myofibril.

The roles of actin, myosin, calcium ions and ATP in myofibril contraction.

The roles of calcium ions and tropomyosin in the cycle of actinomyosin bridge formation.

3.5.3
Muscles as effectors
The role of ATP and phosphocreatine in providing the energy supply during muscle contraction.

The structure, location and general properties of slow and fast skeletal muscle fibres.

OCR GCE Biology

1.2.1
Describe the features of the mammalian lung that adapt it to efficient gaseous exchange;

outline the mechanism of breathing (inspiration and expiration) in mammals, with reference to the function of the rib cage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm;

explain the meanings of the terms tidal volume and vital capacity;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart;

explain, with the aid of diagrams, the differences in the thickness of the walls of the different chambers of the heart in terms of their functions;

describe the cardiac cycle, with reference to the action of the valves in the heart;

describe how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node (SAN), the atrioventricular node (AVN) and the Purkyne tissue;

interpret and explain electrocardiogram (ECG) traces, with reference to normal and abnormal heart activity;

4.1.1
describe the physiological and behavioural responses that maintain a constant core body temperature in ectotherms and endotherms, with reference to peripheral temperature receptors, the hypothalamus and effectors in skin and muscles.

outline the hormonal and nervous mechanisms involved in the control of heart rate in humans.

outline why plants, animals and microorganisms need to respire, with reference to active transport and metabolic reactions;

describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of ATP;

state that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes;

explain the importance of coenzymes in respiration, with reference to NAD and coenzyme A;

state that glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm;

outline the Krebs cycle, with reference to the formation of citrate from acetate and oxaloacetate and the reconversion of citrate to oxaloacetate

outline the process of oxidative phosphorylation, with reference to the roles of electron carriers, oxygen and the mitochondrial cristae;

outline the process of glycolysis beginning with the phosphorylation of glucose to hexose bisphosphate, splitting of hexose bisphosphate into two triose phosphate molecules and further oxidation to pyruvate, producing a small yield of ATP and reduced NAD;

outline the process of chemiosmosis, with reference to the electron transport chain, proton gradients and ATPsynthase (HSW7a);

state that oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration;

explain why the theoretical maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose is rarely, if ever, achieved in aerobic respiration;

explain why anaerobic respiration produces a much lower yield of ATP than aerobic respiration;

describe the role of the brain and nervous system in the co-ordination of muscular movement;

5.4.2
describe how co-ordinated movement requires the action of skeletal muscles about joints, with reference to the movement of the elbow joint;

explain, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the sliding filament model of muscular contraction;

outline the role of ATP in muscular contraction, and how the supply of ATP is maintained in muscles.

Edexcel GCE Biology

Topic 1Lifestyle, Health and Risk
Describe the cardiac cycle (atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole) and relate the structure and operation of the mammalian heart to its function, including the major blood vessels.

Topic 7Run for your Life
Describe the structure of a muscle fibre and explain the structural and physiological differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres.

3 Explain the contraction of skeletal muscle in terms of the sliding filament theory, including the role of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions (Ca2+), ATP and ATPase.

Recall the way in which muscles, tendons, the skeleton and ligaments interact to enable movement, including antagonistic muscle pairs, extensors and flexors.

Describe the overall reaction of aerobic respiration as splitting of the respiratory substrate (eg glucose) to release carbon dioxide as a waste product and reuniting of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen with the release of a large amount of energy.

Describe how to investigate rate of respiration practically.

Recall how phosphorylation of ADP requires energy and how hydrolysis of ATP provides an accessible supply of energy for biological processes.

Describe the roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, including the phosphorylation of hexoses, the production of ATP, reduced coenzyme and pyruvate acid (details of intermediate stages and compounds are not required).

Describe the role of the Krebs cycle in the complete oxidation of glucose and formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP, reduced NAD and reduced FAD (names of other compounds are not required) and that respiration is a many-stepped process with each step controlled and catalysed by a specific intracellular enzyme.

Describe the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain in mitochondria, including the role of chemiosmosis and ATPase.

Explain the fate of lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration in animals.

Understand that cardiac muscle is myogenic and describe the normal electrical activity of the heart, including the roles of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the atrioventricular node (AVN) and the bundle of His, and how the use of electrocardiograms (ECGs) can aid the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other heart conditions.

Explain how medical technology, including the use of keyhole surgery and prostheses, is enabling those with injuries and disabilities to participate in sports, eg cruciate ligaments repair using keyhole surgery and knee joint replacement using prosthetics.

Outline two ethical positions relating to whether the use of performance-enhancing substances by athletes is acceptable.

WJEC GCE Biology

2.3
Mammalian circulatory system - double circulatory system compared with single circulation in the fish. The names of the main blood vessels associated with the human heart. Structure and function of heart and blood vessels. The cardiac cycle and the maintenance of circulation to include graphical analysis of pressure changes. Role of sinoatrial node and Purkinje fibres.

4.1
The importance of chemical energy in biological processes.

The central role of ATP as an energy carrier and its use in the liberation of energy for cellular activity. Structure of ATP.

All living organisms carry out respiration in order to provide energy in the cell.

Glycolysis as a source of triose phosphate, pyruvate, ATP and reduced NAD. The formation of acetyl CoA.

The Krebs cycle as a means of liberating energy from carbon bonds to provide ATP and reduced NAD with release of carbon dioxide. The role of reduced NAD as a source of electrons and protons for the electron transport system.

Scottish Higher Biology

Unit 1Cell Biology
The role and production of ATP.

Importance of ATP as a means of transferring chemical energy. The role of ATP in cellular processes. Regeneration of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

Glycolysis.

The breakdown of glucose (6C) to pyruvic acid (3C) with a net production of ATP.

Location of process within the cytoplasm.

Krebs (Tricarboxylic acid, Citric acid) cycle.

The production of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

The cytochrome system.

The production of ATP and water.

Distinction between aerobic and anaerobic phases of respiration with reference to the level of ATP production and final metabolic products.

Scottish Advanced Higher

Physiology, Health and Exercise Unit
Body composition and weight control.

Osteoporosis and bone growth

Physical Education

AQA GCE Physical Education

Unit 1 PHED1
Opportunities for and the effects of leading a healthy and active lifestyle
Mechanics of breathing

Lung volumes and capacities

Gas exchange systems at alveoli and muscles

Cardiac cycle

Heart rate range in response to exercise

Cardiac hypertrophy leading to bradycardia/athlete’s heart

Unit 3 PHED3
Optimising performance and evaluating contemporary issues within sport
Aerobic energy system

  • simplified biochemistry in the breakdown, release and regeneration of ATP in glycolosis, the Kreb cycle and electron transport chain, role of mitochondria, use in sporting situations
  • oxygen deficit, Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption, including fast and slow components of the recovery process
  • VO2 max-limiting factor to performance.

Anaerobic energy systems

  • simplified biochemistry in the lactate anaerobic system - use in sporting situations
  • lactate threshold/Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) and fatigue; relationship with VO2 max
  • ATP-PC energy system - use in sporting situations.

Muscles

  • structure and function
  • characteristics of different fibre types (slow twitch (type I), fast glycolytic (type IIb) and fast oxidative glycolytic (type IIa) and examples in sport
  • sliding filament hypothesis
  • motor units; spatial summation.

Preparation and training
Sports supplements

  • the role and effectiveness of creatine, protein supplements, herbal remedies, bicarbonate of soda and caffeine

water and electrolyte balance; the athlete’s diet

OCR GCEPhysical Education

3.1 AS Unit G451: An introduction to Physical Education
Describe the structure and function of the different muscle fibre types (slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic and fast glycolytic) in relation to different types of physical activity;

explain how an individual’s mix of muscle fibre type might influence their reasons for choosing to take part in a particular type of physical activity.

evaluate critically the impact of different types of physical activity (contact sports, high impact sports and activities involving repetitive actions) on the skeletal and muscular systems (osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, growth plate, joint stability, posture and alignment) with reference to lifelong involvement in an active lifestyle.

explain the regulation of heart rate during physical activity

describe the mechanics of breathing at rest and the respiratory muscles involved (including the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles);

explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity including reference to additional muscles involved (sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor) and the active nature of expiration (internal intercostals and abdominal muscles);

explain how changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity are regulated by the respiratory centre (both neural and chemical control) to take into account the demands of different intensities of physical activity;

Option B3
Exercise and Sport Physiology
describe the process of gaseous exchange that takes place between the alveoli and the blood and between the blood and the tissue cells. (An awareness of partial pressure is required but candidates will not be expected to provide specific respiratory pressures.);

explain the changes in gaseous exchange that take place between the alveoli and the blood and between the blood and the tissue cells (increased diffusion gradient and accelerated dissociation of oxy-haemoglobin) as a direct result of participation in physical activity;

explain the effect of altitude on the respiratory system and how it influences the performance of different intensities of physical activity;

evaluate critically the impact of different types of physical activity on the respiratory system with reference to lifelong involvement in an active lifestyle (to include an awareness of asthma and smoking).

explain the role of ATP; the breakdown and resynthesis of ATP; the principle of coupled reactions and exothermic and endothermic reactions.

explain the three energy systems: adenosine triphosphate phosphocreatine (ATP/PC) (alactic); the lactic acid system; the aerobic system; (to include the type of reaction (aerobic or anaerobic), the chemical or food fuel used, the specific site of the reaction, the controlling enzyme, energy yield, specific stages within a system, and the by-products produced);

explain the contribution made by each energy system in relation to the duration and intensity of exercise.

Edexcel GCE Physical Education

1.1 Healthy and Active Lifestyles

Health, fitness and exercise
Differences, links, positive health benefits (physical and psychological), physical (energy expenditure) reduction in body fat; increased resting metabolic rate and/or increased proportion of muscle mass; reduced rates of mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD), obesity, reduced risk of osteoporosis, and help type II diabetes management

Muscular-skeletal system
Responses (fibre recruitment, force production, metabolism)

Adaptations (increase fibre size, increase force production, increase metabolic energy supply)

Cardiovascular
Responses (increase stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, redistribution of blood flow to working muscle)

Adaptations (increase in size of heart, stroke volume, cardiac output and number of capillaries)

Respiratory
Responses (increased rate and depth of breathing, increased gas exchange)

Adaptations (improvements in respiratory muscle performance)

Neuro-muscular
Responses (increased number of muscle fibres recruited, increase in rate of fibre recruitment)

Adaptations (improved co-ordination, increases in force production and rate of force production, increase in speed)

Deviance in sport
Sportsmanship, gamesmanship, performance-enhancing drugs, role of WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency), future developments, e.g. genetic engineering

WJEC GCE Physical Education

Unit 1Factors affecting exercise, performance, health,

well-being and lifestyle choices.

Health and Physical Fitness
The health benefits from following a programme - physical, social and mental wellbeing.

Health reasons for participation in physical exercise: well-being/positive self image/longevity/ stress reduction/ illness avoidance.

Physical fitness and how it is used to develop performance in a variety of physical activities.

Skill related fitness and how it is used to develop performance in a variety of physical activities.

Physical Influences on Health, Lifestyle and Performance
Candidates will be expected to show knowledge and understanding of how the following physical factors relate to informing and improving performance and participation in physical activity and how they impact on health and lifestyle issues.

  • Health, fitness and exercise, their relationship and how they influence personal well-being. The importance of an active, healthy lifestyle.
  • Lifestyle choices and adherence.
  • The influence of the intensity and duration of exercise on health, a balanced, active lifestyle and performance in physical activity.
  • The energy continuum - aerobic/anaerobic activities.
  • Training thresholds/training zones/lactate production - 02 debt occurrence - recovery rates.
  • The muscular, skeletal, respiratory and circulatory systems and how they relate to/effect health, performance and lifestyle.
  • The short-term effects of exercise, the long-term benefits of exercise on the skeletal, muscular, cardio-vascular and respiratory systems as well as the benefits to a sense of well-being.
  • Minimising risk to create a safe environment for adopting an active, healthy lifestyle.
  • Fuel for exercise: Relationship between exercise and weight levels and affects on health and performance.
  • The range of physical activities and the roles within physical activities that can contribute to a balanced, healthy lifestyle.
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